Tinnitus is the perception of a sound in the ear or head when no external sound is present. It is often described as ringing, buzzing, hissing, whistling, clicking, or roaring. Tinnitus is a symptom, not a disease itself, and can be intermittent or constant, mild or severe, and can occur in one or both ears. Causes: Tinnitus is usually a symptom of an underlying condition. The most common causes include:

Hearing Loss:
- Age-related hearing loss (presbycusis): As people age, hearing often declines, and tinnitus can be a symptom of this.
- Noise-induced hearing loss: Exposure to loud noise (e.g., from machinery, concerts, firearms, headphones) can damage the hair cells in the inner ear, leading to hearing loss and tinnitus.
Ear Conditions:
- Earwax blockage: Accumulation of earwax can block the ear canal and cause tinnitus.
- Otosclerosis: Abnormal bone growth in the middle ear that affects hearing.
- Ménière's disease: An inner ear disorder that causes episodes of vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss, and a feeling of fullness in the ear.
- Eustachian tube dysfunction: Problems with the tube connecting the middle ear to the back of the nose.
Vascular Disorders: Conditions affecting blood vessels can cause pulsatile tinnitus (a rhythmic sound that often beats with your pulse).
- Atherosclerosis (narrowing of arteries)
- High blood pressure (hypertension)
- Turbulent blood flow (e.g., from narrowed blood vessels near the ear)
- Arteriovenous malformations (abnormal connections between arteries and veins)
Medications: Many medications can cause or worsen tinnitus (ototoxic drugs).
- Aspirin (in high doses)
- NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen, naproxen)
- Certain antibiotics (e.g., aminoglycosides)
- Certain diuretics (loop diuretics)
- Some antidepressant medications
- Certain chemotherapy drugs
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Disorders: Problems with the joint connecting the jawbone to the skull.
Head or Neck Injuries: Trauma to the head or neck can affect nerves, blood flow, or muscles, leading to tinnitus.
Acoustic Neuroma: A non-cancerous tumor on the nerve that connects the ear to the brain.
Chronic Stress or Anxiety: Can worsen the perception of tinnitus.

Symptoms: The primary symptom of tinnitus is the perception of sound in the absence of an external source. The sound can vary greatly:

Type of sound: Ringing, buzzing, humming, hissing, clicking, roaring, whistling, or whooshing.
Pitch: High-pitched or low-pitched.
Volume: From barely noticeable to extremely loud.
Location: In one ear, both ears, or in the head.
Pattern: Intermittent or constant.

Other symptoms that may accompany tinnitus often relate to the underlying cause, such as hearing loss, vertigo, ear fullness, or headache. Diagnosis: Diagnosing tinnitus involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, and tests to identify the underlying cause.

Medical History and Physical Exam: The doctor will ask detailed questions about the nature of your tinnitus, your medical history (including noise exposure, medications, and any underlying conditions), and perform a physical exam, including checking your ears, head, and neck.
Hearing Test (Audiometry): To assess for any hearing loss, as hearing loss is often associated with tinnitus.
Blood Tests: To rule out underlying medical conditions (e.g., thyroid problems, diabetes, vitamin deficiencies, vascular issues).
Imaging Tests: If a specific underlying cause like a tumor, vascular problem, or TMJ disorder is suspected.
- MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
- CT scan (Computed Tomography)
- MRA (Magnetic Resonance Angiography) or CTA (CT Angiography) to examine blood vessels.
Pulsatile Tinnitus Evaluation: If you experience pulsatile tinnitus, the doctor may listen to your neck (carotid artery) and abdomen (aorta) with a stethoscope to detect any vascular sounds.

Treatment: There is no single cure for tinnitus, but treatment focuses on managing the underlying cause (if identifiable) and reducing the perception and impact of the sound.

Treating the Underlying Cause:
- Removing earwax blockage.
- Managing high blood pressure or other vascular conditions.
- Adjusting or discontinuing ototoxic medications (under medical supervision).
- Treating TMJ disorders.
- Addressing hearing loss (e.g., with hearing aids, which can also mask tinnitus).

Sound Therapy/Masking: Introducing external sounds to distract from or cover the tinnitus.
- White noise machines: Can provide background sound for sleep or concentration.
- Tinnitus maskers: Small electronic devices worn in the ear that generate a low-level sound.
- Hearing aids: Can amplify ambient sounds, making tinnitus less noticeable for those with hearing loss.
- Tinnitus apps: Mobile apps offer various sound therapy options.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): A type of therapy that helps individuals change their reactions and thoughts about tinnitus, reducing its impact on quality of life and emotional distress.
Tinnitus Retraining Therapy (TRT): Combines sound therapy with counseling to help the brain habituate to the tinnitus sound, so it becomes less noticeable and bothersome.
Medications: No medication specifically cures tinnitus, but some may help manage associated symptoms or underlying conditions.
- Anti-anxiety medications or antidepressants may be prescribed for severe distress, anxiety, or depression related to tinnitus.
- Specific medications for Ménière's disease.

Lifestyle Management:
- Avoid loud noise exposure: Use ear protection (earplugs, earmuffs) in noisy environments.
- Manage stress: Stress can worsen tinnitus perception. Techniques like meditation, yoga, and exercise can help.
- Limit caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine: These can sometimes exacerbate tinnitus.
- Ensure adequate sleep.

Working with an audiologist, otolaryngologist (ENT), or other specialists can help develop a personalized management plan for tinnitus.

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