- Genetics: People with a family history of fibromyalgia may be more likely to develop the condition.
- Infections: Some illnesses may trigger or aggravate fibromyalgia.
- Physical or emotional trauma: A significant event, such as a car accident, surgery, or psychological stress, can sometimes precede the onset of fibromyalgia.
- Central nervous system sensitivity: Fibromyalgia is thought to involve changes in the way the brain and spinal cord process pain signals, leading to amplified pain sensations.
- Widespread pain: This is the hallmark symptom of fibromyalgia. The pain is often described as a constant dull ache that has lasted for at least three months. It usually occurs on both sides of the body and above and below the waist.
- Fatigue: Persistent and often severe fatigue is common, even after adequate sleep.
- Sleep problems: Many people with fibromyalgia have difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep. They may wake up feeling unrefreshed.
- Cognitive difficulties: Fibromyalgia can cause problems with concentration, focus, and memory ("fibro fog").
- Other symptoms:
- Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
- Headaches or migraines
- Depression or anxiety
- Restless legs syndrome
- Tingling or numbness in the hands and feet
- Painful menstrual periods
- Medical history: The doctor will ask about your symptoms, including the location, intensity, and duration of your pain.
- Physical examination: The doctor may check for tenderness at specific points on your body (tender points). While tender points are no longer the sole diagnostic criterion, they may still be considered.
- Ruling out other conditions: Blood tests and imaging tests (such as X-rays) may be used to exclude other conditions that can cause similar symptoms, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.
- Medications:
- Pain relievers: Over-the-counter pain relievers like acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or naproxen may help with mild pain. However, they are often not sufficient for the chronic pain of fibromyalgia.
- Antidepressants: Certain antidepressants, such as duloxetine and milnacipran, can help reduce pain and fatigue in people with fibromyalgia.
- Anti-seizure drugs: Pregabalin and gabapentin are often used to reduce pain and improve sleep in fibromyalgia patients.
- Muscle relaxants: Cyclobenzaprine may help improve sleep and reduce muscle pain.
- Therapy:
- Physical therapy: A physical therapist can teach exercises to improve strength, flexibility, and stamina.
- Occupational therapy: An occupational therapist can help you learn ways to perform daily activities with less pain.
- Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): This type of therapy can help you develop coping skills to manage pain, stress, and depression.
- Lifestyle changes:
- Stress management: Techniques such as meditation, yoga, and deep breathing exercises can help reduce stress, which can worsen fibromyalgia symptoms.
- Regular exercise: While it may seem counterintuitive, regular low-impact exercise, such as walking, swimming, or cycling, can help reduce pain and improve overall health.
- Adequate sleep: Improving sleep habits is crucial. This may involve establishing a regular sleep schedule, creating a relaxing bedtime routine, and avoiding stimulants like caffeine before bed.
- Healthy diet: Eating a balanced diet can support overall health and may help reduce inflammation.
- Complementary and alternative therapies: Some people with fibromyalgia find relief with therapies such as:
- Acupuncture
- Massage therapy
- Chiropractic care
- Tai chi
- Yoga